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Ainsworth, Susan, 1992 , Oxygenates seen as hot market by industry: Chemical & Engineering News, v. 70, no. 19, p. 29-30.

Alexander, J.E., Ferber, E.P., and Stahl, W.M., 1994 , Avoid leaks from reformulated fuels--Choose an elastomeric sealing material according to the type and concentration of oxygenate (ether and/or alcohol) added to the fuel: Fuel Reformulation, March/April, p. 42-46.

American Petroleum Institute, 1988 , Alcohols and ethers--A technical assessment of their application as fuels and fuel components (2d ed.): Washington, D.C., Refining Department, American Petroleum Institute Publication No. 4261, 89 p.

Anderson, H.A., Hanrahan, Lawrence, Goldring, Jay, and Delaney, Bryan, 1995 , An investigation of health concerns attributed to reformulated gasoline use in southeastern Wisconsin: Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Health, Bureau of Public Health, Section of Environmental Epidemiology and Prevention, Final report, 99 p.

Anderson, L.G., Wolfe, Pamela, and Wilkes, E.B., 1997 , Effects and effectiveness of using oxygenated fuels in the Denver metropolitan area, in American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry preprints of papers, 213th, San Francisco, Calif.: ACS, v. 37, p. 381-383.

Arce, A., Martinez-Ageitos, J., and Soto, A., 2001 , (Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (tert-amyl ethyl ether + ethanol + water) at several temperatures: Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, v. 33, no. 2, p. 139-146.

Barker, J., Zoby, J.L.G., and de Oliveira, E., 2001 , Seeking the impact of ethanol in gasoline on BTEX plumes in Brazilian ground water in Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water--Prevention, detection, and remediation, Houston, Tex., Nov.14-16, 2001 [Proceedings]: National Ground Water Association, p. 69-72.

Barker, J.F., Gillham, R.W., Lemon, L., Mayfield, C.I., Poulsen, M., and Sudicky, E.A., 1991 , Chemical fate and impact of oxygenates in groundwater--Solubility of BTEX from gasoline-oxygenate mixtures: Washington, D.C., Health and Environmental Sciences Department, American Petroleum Institute Publication No. 4531, 91 p.

Bhattacharya, A.K., and Boulanger, E.M., 1994 , Organic carbonates as potential components of oxygenated gasoline [abs.], in American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry preprints of papers, 208th, Washington, D.C.: ACS, v. 34, no. 2, p. 471-473.

Burbacher, T.M., 1993 , Neurotoxic effects of gasoline and gasoline constituents: Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements, v. 101, suppl. 6, p. 133-141.

Buscheck, T.E., O'Reilly, K., Koschal, G., and O'Regan, G., 2001 , Ethanol in groundwater at a Pacific Northwest Terminal in Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water--Prevention, detection, and remediation, Houston, Tex., Nov.14-16, 2001 [Proceedings]: National Ground Water Association, p. 55-66.

Cabrera, A.E., and Galindo, M.A., 1990 , Preliminary evaluation of oxygenated fuels in a laboratory engine at Mexico City, in Air & Waste Management Association, Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 83rd, Pittsburgh, Pa., June 2-29, 1990, [Proceedings]: AWMA, 13 p.

California Environmental Protection Agency, 1994 , Effect of use of low oxygenate gasoline blends upon emissions from California vehicles: California Air Resources Board, Research Division, Contract No. A932-159, Sacramento, Calif., 157 p.

Calvert, J.G., Heywood, J.B., Sawyer, R.F., and Seinfeld, J.H., 1993 , Achieving acceptable air quality--Some reflections on controlling vehicle emissions: Science, v. 261, no. 5117, p. 37-45.

Chang, T.Y., and Rudy, S.J., 1990 , Ozone-forming potential of organic emissions from alternative-fueled vehicles: Atmospheric Environment, v. 24A, no. 9, p. 2421-2430.

Clark, C.R., Dutcher, J.S., Henderson, T.R., McClellan, R.O., Marshall, W.F., Naman, T.M., and Seizinger, D.E., 1984 , Mutagenicity of automotive particulate exhaust--Influence of fuel extenders, addtives, and aromatic content, in MacFarland, H.N., Holdsworth, C.E., MacGregor, J.A., Call, R.W., and Lane, M.L., eds., Applied toxicology of petroleum hydrocarbons: Princeton, N.J., Princeton Scientific Publishers, p. 109-122.

Cochrane, R.A., and Hillman, D.E., 1984 , Direct gas chromatographic determination of alcohols and methyl tert-butyl ether in gasolines using infrared detection: Journal of Chromatography, v. 287, no. 1, p. 197-201.

Coker, D.T., van den Hoed, N., Saunders, K.J., and Tindle, P.E., 1989 , A monitoring method for gasoline vapour giving detailed composition: Annual Occupational Hygiene, v. 33, no. 1, p. 15-26.

Colucci, J.M., and Benson, J.D., 1992 [1993], Impact of reformulated gasoline on emissions from current and future vehicles, in Strauss, K.H. and Dukek, W.G., eds., The impact of U.S. environmental regulations on fuel quality: Ann Arbor, Mich., American Society for Testing and Materials, p. 105-123.

Conrad, D.L., 1995 , The impacts of gasoline/oxygenate releases to the environment--A review of the literature: Port Arthur, Texas, Texaco Research & Development Department, 48 p.

Corseuil, H.X., Aires, J.R., and Alvarez, P.J.J., 1996 , Implications of the presence of ethanol on intrinsic bioremediation of BTX plumes in Brazil: Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, v. 13, no. 2, p. 213-221.

Corseuil, H.X., Hunt, C.S., Dos Santos Ferreira, R.C., and Alvarez, P.J.J., 1998 , The influence of the gasoline oxygenate ethanol on aerobic and anaerobic BTX biodegradation: Water Research, v. 32, no. 7, p. 2065-2072.

Corseuil, H.X., and Fernandes, Marilda, 1999 , Co-solvency effect in aquifers contaminated with ethanol-amended gasoline, in Alleman, B.C., and Leeson, Andrea, eds., Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, and Other Organic Compounds, V. 1, Fifth International In Situ and Onsite Bioremediation Symposium, San Diego, Calif., April 19-22, 1999 [Proceedings]: Battelle Publications, p. 135-140.

Cox, R.A., and Goldstone, Annmarie, 1981 [1982], Atmospheric reactivity of oxygenated motor fuel additives, in Versino, B. and Ott, H., eds., Physico-chemical behaviour of atmospheric pollutants, European Symposium, 2nd, Varese, Italy, September 29-October 1, 1981 [Proceedings]: Boston, Mass., D. Reidel Publishing Company, p. 112-119.

Dakhel, N., Pasteris, G., Werner, D., and Hoehener, P., 2003 , Small-volume releases of gasoline in the vadose zone--Impact of the additives MTBE and ethanol on groundwater quality: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 37, no. 10, p. 2127-2133.

Deeb, R.A., Sharp, J.O., Stocking, A., McDonald, S., West, K.A., Laugier, M., Alvarez, P.J.J., Kavanaugh, M.C., and Alvarez-Cohen, L., 2002 , Impact of ethanol on benzene plume lengths--Microbial and modeling studies: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 128, no. 9, p. 868-875.

Diehl, J.W., Finkbeiner, J.W., and DiSanzo, F.P., 1995 , Determination of ethers and alcohols in reformulated gasolines by gas chromatography/atomic emission detection: Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, v. 18, no. 2, p. 108-110.

Dolislager, L.J., 1997 , The effect of California's wintertime oxygenated fuels program on ambient carbon monixide concentrations: Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, v. 47, p. 775-783.

Fandary, M.S.H., Aljimaz, A.S., Al-Kandary, J.A., and Fahim, M.A., 1999 , Liquid-liquid equilibria for the system water + ethanol + ethyl butyl-butyl ether: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, v. 44, no. 6, p. 1129-1131.

Fuels for the Future, 1994 , A report on clean renewable fuels vs. dirty contaminated water and Liberty Village, Sullivan County, N.Y.: Washington, D.C., November, 11 p.

Gerry, F.S., Schubert, A.J., McNally, M.J., and Pahl, R.H., 1992 , Test fuels--Formulation and analyses--The auto/oil air quality improvement research program: Society of Automotive Engineers paper 920324, p. 335-357.

Gomez, J., Brasil, T., and Chan, N., 1998 , An overview of the use of oxygenates in gasoline: State of California, California Air Resources Board, 31 p.

Grosjean, D., Grosjean, E., and Rasmussen, R.A., 1997 , Atmospheric chemistry and urban air concentrations of MTBE and ethanol, in American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry preprints of papers, 213th, San Francisco, Calif.: ACS, v. 37, no. 1, p. 378-379.

Grosjean, E., Grosjean, D., Gunawardena, R., and Rasmussen, R.A., 1998 , Ambient concentrations of ethanol and methyl tert buty-ether in Porto Alegre, Brazil, March 1996-April 1997: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 32, no. 6, p. 736-742.

Groves, F.R., Jr., 1988 , Effect of cosolvents on the solubility of hydrocarbons in water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 22, no. 3, p. 282-286.

Hall, J.R., 1992 , Part 2--Cleaner products--A refining challenge: Hydrocarbon Processing, v. 71, no. 5, p. 100-C-100-F.

Harley, R.A., Coulter-Burke, S.C., and Yeung, T.S., 2000 , Relating liquid fuel and headspace vapor composition for California reformulated gasoline samples containing ethanol: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 19, p. 4088-4094.

Heerman, S.E., and Powers, S.E., 1998 , Modeling the partitioning of BTEX in water-reformulated gasoline systems containing ethanol: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 34, no. 4, p. 315-341.

Heermann, S.E., and Powers, S.E., 1996 , The dissolution of BTEX compounds from oxygenated gasoline in American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry preprints of extended abstracts, 212th, New Orleans: ACS, v. 36, no. 1, p. 221-224.

Hong, Song, Duttweiler, C.M., and Lemley, A.T., 1999 , Analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether and its degradation products by direct aqueous injection onto gas chromatography with mass spectrometry or flame ionization detection systems: Journal of Chromatography A Including Electrophoresis, Mass Spectrometry, and other Separation and Detection Methods, v. 857, p. 205-216.

Hunt, C.S., Alvarez, P.J., Dos Santos, R.F., and Coseuli, H.X., 1997 , Effect of ethanol on aerobic BTX degradation, in Alleman, B.C., and Leeson, A., eds., Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, New Orleans, La., April 1997 [Proceedings]: Columbus, Ohio, Battelle Publications, p. 49-54.

Hunt, C.S., Cronkhite, L.A., Corseuil, H.X., and Alvarez, P.J.J., 1997 , Effect of ethanol on anaerobic toluene degradation in aquifer microcosms, in American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry preprints of papers, 213th, San Francisco, Calif.: ACS, v. 37, no. 1, p. 424-426.

Kelly, T.J., Callahan, P.J., Plell, Joachim, and Evans, G.F., 1993 , Method development and field measurements for polar volatile organic compounds in ambient air: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 27, no. 6, p. 1146-1153.

Kirchstetter, T.W., Singer, B.C., Harley, R.A., Kendall, G.R., and Chan, Waymond, 1996 , Impact of oxygenated gasoline use on California light-duty vehicle emissions: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 2, p. 661-670.

Levy, J.M., and Yancey, J.A., 1986 , Dual capillary gas chromatographic analysis of alcohols and methyl tert-butyl ether in gasolines: Journal of High Resolution Chromatography & Chromatography Communications, v. 9, no. 7, p. 383-387.

Malcom Pirnie, Inc., 1998 , Evaluation of the fate and transport of ethanol in the environment: Prepared for American Methanol Institute, Oakland, Calif., Malcome Pirnie, Inc., 58 p.

Mancini, E.R., Stubblefield, W.A., and Tillquist, H., 1998 , Important ecological risk assessment parameters for MTBE and other gasoline oxygenates, in The Southwest Focused Ground Water Conference--Discussing the Issue of MTBE and Perchlorate in Ground Water, Anaheim, Calif., June3-4, 1998, [Proceedings]: Anaheim, Calif., National Ground Water Association, p. 63-66.

Mannino, D.M., and Etzel, R.A., 1996 , Are oxygenated fuels effective--An evaluation of ambient carbon monoxide concentrations in 11 western states, 1986 to 1992: Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, v. 46, no. 1, p. 20-24.

McCabe, L.J., 1992 [1993], Initial results from the auto/oil air quality improvement research program, in Strauss, K.H. and Dukek, W.G., eds., The impact of U.S. environmental regulations on fuel quality: Philadelphia, Pa., American Society for Testing and Materials, p. 63-83.

McNair, Laurie, Russell, Armistead, and Odman, M.T., 1992 , Airshed calculation of the sensitivity of pollutant formation to organic compound classes and oxygenates associated with alternative fuels: Journal of the Air Waste Mangement Association, v. 42, no. 2, p. 174-178.

Mihelcic, J.R., 1990 , Modeling the potential effect of additives on enhancing the solubility of aromatic solutes contained in gasoline: Ground Water Monitoring & Remediaiton, v. 10, no. 3, p. 132-137.

Moran, M.J., Clawges, R.M., and Zogorski, J.S., 2002 , Methyl tert-butyl ether in ground and surface water of the United States, in Diaz, A.F., and Drogos, D.L., eds., Oxygenates in Gasoline--Environmental Aspects, Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 799, p. 2-16.

Moran, M.J., Clawges, R.M., and Zogorski, J.S., 2000 , Identifying the usage patterns of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenates in gasoline using gasoline surveys [abs], in American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry, San Francisco, Calif., March 26-30, 2000: American Chemical Society, v. 40, no. 1, p. 209-212.

Mormile, M.R., Liu, Shi, and Suflita, J.M., 1994 , Anaerobic biodegradation of gasoline oxygenates--Extrapolation of information to multiple sites and redox conditons: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1727-1732.

Nakamura, D.N., 1993 , Is MTBE losing its popularity?: Hydrocarbon Processing, v. 72, no. 9, p. 19.

National Science and Technology Council Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, 1996 , Interagency assessment of potential health risks associated with oxygenated gasoline: Interagency Oxygenated Fuels Assessment Steering Committee, Office of the President, 84 p.

Nocca, Jean-Luc, Forestiere, Alain, and Cosyns, Jean, 1994 , Diversity process strategies for reformulated gasoline: Fuel Reformulation, v. 4, no. 5, p. 18-22.

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1995 , Interagency assessment of oxygenated fuels: Washington, D.C., OSTP, The Executive Office of the President, 258 p.

Parkinson, Gerald, 1999 , All sides pumped up for MTBE ban: Chemical Engineering, v. 106, no. 6, p. 49.

Pauls, R.E., 1985 , Determination of high octane components--Methyl t-butyl ether, benzene, toluene, and ethanol in gasoline by liquid chromatography: Journal of Chromatographic Science, v. 23, no. 10, p. 437-441.

Pereira, P.A.P., Santos, E.T.S., Ferreira, T.F., and Andrade, J.B., 1999 , Determination of methanol and ethanol by gas chromatrography following air sampling onto florisil cartridges and their concentration at urban sites in the three largest cities in Brazil: Talanta, v. 49, no. 2, p. 245-252.

Powers, S.E., Hunt, C.S., Heermann, S.E., Corseuil, H.X., Rice, David, and Alvarez, P.J.J., 2001 , The transport and fate of ethanol and BTEX in groundwater contaminated by gasohol: Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 79-123.

Powers, S.E., Rice, David, Dooher, Brendan, and Alvarez, P.J.J., 2001 , Will ethanol-blended gasoline affect groundwater quality--Using ethanol instead of MTBE as a galoline oxygenate could be less harmful to the environment: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 24A-30A.

Powers, S.E., and McDowell, C.J., 2001 , Mechanisms affecting the infiltration and redistribution of ethanol-blended gasoline in the vadose zone in Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water--Prevention, detection, and remediation, Houston, Tex., Nov.14-16, 2001 [Proceedings]: National Ground Water Association, p. 32-40.

Price, Joyce, 1995 , Gas is greener, but smog safer: Insight, v. 11, no. 16, p. 27.

Prince, R.C., 2000 , Biodegradation of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) and other fuel oxygenates: Critical Reviews in Microbiology, v. 26, no. 3, p. 163-178.

Pruden, A., Suidan, M.T., Venosa, A.D., and Wilson, G.J., 2001 , Biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether under various substrate conditions: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 21, p. 4235-4241.

Qin, Tao, Xu, Xiaobai, Polak, Tomas, Pacakova, Vera, Stulik, Karel, and Jech, Libor, 1997 , A simple method for the trace determination of methanol, ethanol, acetone and pentane in human breath and in the ambient air by preconcentration on solid sorbents followed by gas chromatography: Talanta, v. 44, no. 9, p. 1683-1690.

Reckhorn, S.B.F., 2001 , Experimental investigations of oxygenated gasoline dissolution: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 127, no. 3, p. 208-216.

Reichhardt, Tony, 1995 , A new formula for fighting urban ozone: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 1, p. 36A-41A.

Rixey, W.G., 1994 , The effect of oxygenated fuels on the mobility of gasoline components in groundwater, in Stanley, Anita, ed., Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water--Prevention, Detection, and Remediation, Houston, Tex., November 2-4, 1994, [Proceedings]: Houston, Tex., National Water Well Association and American Petroleum Institute, p. 75-90.

Rixey, W.G., and He, X., 2001 , Dissolution characteristics of ethanol from NAPL sources and the impact on BTX groundwater concentrations in Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water--Prevention, detection, and remediation, Houston, Tex., Nov.14-16, 2001 [Proceedings]: National Ground Water Association, p. 41-49.

Ruiz-Aguilar, G.M.L., Fernandez-Sanchez, J.M., Kane, S.R., Kim, D., and Alvarez, P.J.J., 2002 , Effect of ethanol and methyl-tert-butyl ether on monoaromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation--Response variability for different aquifer materials under various electron-accepting conditions: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 21, no. 12, p. 2631-2639.

Schifter, Isaac, Vera, Mario, Diaz, Luis, Guzman, E., Ramos, F., and Lopez-Salinas, Esteban, 2001 , Environmental implications on the oxygenation of gasoline with ethanol in the metropolitan area of Mexico City: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 10, p. 1893-1901.

State of Maryland, 2001 , Final report--Task force on the environmental effects of (methyl tertiary butyl ether) MTBE:, 33 p. http://www.mde.state.md.us/was/pdf/mtbe_finalreport.pdf.

Stephenson, R.M., 1992 , Mutual solubilities--Water-ketones, water-ethers, and water-gasoline-alcohols: Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, v. 37, no. 1, p. 80-95.

Strauss, K.H., and Dukek, W.G., eds., 1993 , The impact of U.S. environmental regulations on fuel quality: Philadelphia, Penn., American Society for Testing and Materials, 157 p.

Stump, F.D., Knapp, K.T., and Ray, W.D., 1990 , Seasonal impact of blending oxygenated organics with gasoline on motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions: Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, v. 40, no. 6, p. 872-880.

Suflita, J.M., and Mormile, M.R., 1993 , Anaerobic biodegradation of known and potential gasoline oxygenates in the terrestrial subsurface: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 27, no. 5, p. 976-978.

Tartakovsky, B., Millette, D., Delisle, S., and Guiot, S.R., 2002 , Ethanol-stimulated bioremediation of nitrate-contaminated ground water: Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, v. 22, no. 1, p. 78-87.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998 , Oxygenates in Water--Critical information and research needs: Washington, D.C., Office of Research and Development, EPA-600-R-98/048, 65 p.

Unzelman, G.H., 1995 , Impact of oxygenates on petroleum refining--Part I--Historical Review: Fuel Reformulation, v. 5, no. 3, p. 51-54.

Unzelman, G.H., 1991 , U.S. Clean Air Act expands role for oxygenates: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 89, no. 15, p. 44-49.

Veith, G.D., Call, D.J., and Brooke, L.T., 1983 , Structure-toxicity relationships for the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas--Narcotic industrial chemicals: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, v. 40, no. 6, p. 743-748.

Watson, J.G., Chow, J.C., Pritchett, L.C., Houck, J.A., Ragazzi, R.A., and Burns, S., 1990 , Chemical source profiles for particulate motor vehicle exhaust under cold and high altitude operating conditions: The Science of the Total Environment, v. 93, p. 183-190.

Welke, Birgit, Ettlinger, Karin, and Riederer, Markus, 1998 , Sorption of volatile organic chemicals in plant surfaces: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 32, no. 8, p. 1099-1104.

Williams, Bob, 1995 , MTBE, ethanol advocates' squabble may complicate RFG implementation: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 93, no. 7, p. 17-22.

Wyman, C.E., and Hinman, N.D., 1990 , Fundamentals of production from renewable feedstocks and use as a transportation fuel: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, v. 24/25, p. 735-753.

Zhao, Xiaohong, Smith, S.L., and Duffy, L.K., 1995 , Effects of ethanol as an additive on odor detection thresholds of Alaskan gasolines at sub-arctic temperatures: Chemosphere, v. 31, no. 11/12, p. 4531-4540.

Zogorski, J.S., 1996 , Fuel oxygenates and water quality--Findings and recommendations of the Interagency Oxygenated Fuel Assessment, in Stanley, Anita, ed., Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water--Prevention, Detection, and Remediation Conference, Houston, Tex., Nov. 13-15, 1997, [Proceedings]: Houston, Tex., National Ground Water Association and American Petroleum Institute, p. 3.

Zogorski, J.S., Morduchowitz, A.M., Baehr, A.L, Bauman, B.J., Conrad, D.L., Drew, R.T., Korte, N.E., Lapham, W.W., Pankow, J.F., and Washington, E.R., 1996 , Fuel oxygenates and water quality--Current understanding of sources, occurrence in natural waters, environmental behavior, fate, and significance--Final Report: Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, 37 p. with attachments. [Also published by National Science and Technology Council, 1997, Interagency assessment of oxygenated fuels, Chap. 2, Fuel oxygenates and water quality: Washington, DC, Office of Science and Technology Policy, The Exectutive Office of the President, p. 2-1--2-80.]

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